Validation of populist attitudes scales in Slovakia

Objectives. Research on populism has progressed over the last decade and several scales have been proposed to measure populist attitudes. None of these validated in context Slovakia, where populists are a long-term part both coalition opposition. This study aimed verify psychometric properties four attitudes that frequently used verified international research, Slovak sample.Participants setting. Data 832 respondents collected using an online panel November 2021 were analyzed R software. The research sample was representative according distribution gender, age, education, regions Slovakia.Statistical analysis. original tested exploratory dataset (N = 416). modified confirmatory 416).Results. results showed did not fit data. However, after modifications, two sample. invariant across educational groups.Limits. A possible shortcoming is instability predicting electoral behavior, which discussed connection with other studies, political cultural context.